Ladies and Gentlemen.
I want to start, today, with a picture.
No.
Not a PowerPoint picture. You have to work with me, here.
Imagine this.
Two young people, side by side. Early twenties. One male, one female.
With me so far? Good.
These two young people are leaving University, highly qualified. The female
may be marginally more qualified than the male, but let’s leave it that
they both have good degrees and are headed for great careers.
Now, let’s move on twenty years and view the same two.
One of them could to be a Managing Director, or a Government minister, or a
General Manager or a top figure in media.
One of them isn’t.
And if you join the dots, the one less likely to have achieved high office,
in the public or private sector, is the woman. If she has achieved high
office, she will have been the exception.
That’s the reality, as we stand here, decades after the first great
feminist battles. Feminism, in the early days, fought for equality.
Equality facilitated and empowered by equal opportunity.
What we’re now seeing is that equality is not necessarily delivered by
equal opportunity. Things happen in the lives of women that divert them
from the outcomes their ambition, their brain power and their credentials
would make you assume they’d reach.
Does that mean a malign conspiracy against women? I don’t think so. But I
do believe we need – more and more – to understand two things.
1) That equal opportunity does not necessarily deliver equal
outcomes.
2) That every area of Irish – and international – life, NEEDS those
equal outcomes.
We have to square that circle. And we can do it. My experience proves that
good analysis, anger at injustice and collective energy can get things
done.
That’s what got me into politics.
I began my career in Ireland at St Ultan’s Children’s Hospital. It was a
place where a lot of people subject to terrible disadvantage brought their
children, gave birth to them and sometimes abandoned them.
Working at St. Ultan’s exposed me to real disadvantage for the first time.
And it made me angry.
My belief that disadvantage and barriers to opportunity are the greatest
causes of inequality began to crystallise. Opportunity had been the
defining theme of my life, and my family’s lives. It still is
After St. Ultan’s I got a job in the psychiatric inpatient unit in St
James’s Hospital. That began a lifelong interest in mental health,
something I share with my husband Michael, who I met at St James’s.
Places like St Michael’s Estate, St Teresa’s Gardens and Dolphin’s Barn
were in the hospital’s catchment area. In a very depressed Dublin these
were severely disadvantaged places.
Increasingly I wanted to do something about it, to channel it somewhere.
I moved to London to do a Masters in Social Administration and Social Work
I had no political ambition at that time. I was never one of those people
who wanted to be a politician as a child.
But while I was studying at the LSE I got involved with the National
Childbirth Trust, an organisation that campaigns to improve maternity care
and for better services for new parents. It’s still going today.
After I graduated I spent a few years working in the city with a group of
around 20 social workers.
I lived in a garden flat in West Dulwich. That put me close to Brixton and
the riots that broke out in 1981 because of deep social and economic
problems. This happened at a time when I was already aware of the corrosive
and dangerous effects of disadvantage. The views of the girl who graduated
from UCD nine years earlier with a social work degree were evolving.
Five years later I came home and began working as a social worker at the
Mater. Ballymun was one of the main areas where I worked. My interest in
inequality deepened. My anger over disadvantage grew.
I began to think about politics.
Garret Fitzgerald was the leader of Fine Gael and I liked what he and the
party stood for. I was a committed feminist. Still am. I wanted something
done about how women were treated in Ireland. The party’s progressive
social stance and its inclusivity on Northern Ireland and the European
Union attracted me. I wrote a letter and joined. But to be honest it didn’t
go much further at that stage.
Then I discovered the Women’s Political Association and the Council for the
Status of Women, later the National Women’s Council.
I became the Chairperson for three wonderful years. Then Garret Fitzgerald
came back into my life with a bang. He was retiring and Fine Gael asked me
to run for a seat in Dublin South East in 1992.
You know yourselves – it’s not comfortable when life puts it up to you,
when life says “If you want to change things, here’s your chance.”
But I had to do it. So I became a politician in my early forties with three
young children.
The anger over disadvantage and the belief in equality of opportunity drove
me forward into this political world.
During my years in politics, women have made significant advances. No doubt
about it. But the second picture I asked you to imagine still stands: the
outcomes don’t match the apparently equal opportunities.
One thing I didn’t ask you to imagine about the guy in the second picture
is that he owned and ran his own business, whereas the girl didn’t. But
that’s the reality. The number of women starting their own businesses is
markedly less than the number of men.
The Oireachtas Joint Committee on Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation reported
in July 2015 on female entrepreneurship. This influential Parliamentary
Committee identified problems with access to finance, tax disincentives, a
need for greater networking and mentoring opportunities, and the prevalence
of a largely male-dominated business culture, all of which impact on
opportunities and on confidence for women starting their own business.
Many of these issues bear a remarkable similarity to those identified as
barriers to greater female participation in politics.
In politics, the inhibitors can be succinctly summarised as the 5 Cs –
cash, confidence, childcare, culture and candidate selection procedures.
The first four are equally applicable in an enterprise context. And it
leads us to the Q word. Quotas.
Everybody has their views on them. But they work. Not only do they work in
the area where they’re introduced – their effect is much, much wider.
Australia’s an interesting example. They brought in quotas to ensure an
increase in the number of female politicians. It did the trick.
But what was fascinating was an increase in female entrepreneurs following
the introduction of the political quotas. Not saying it was cause and
effect, but it’s certainly interesting.
Having lobbied in Ireland for gender quotas I am delighted to see that we
have more women in the Dail than ever before – 35 women, 22.2% of all
deputies. But you know what? I still think this is pretty dismal. We have
so much more to do.
There is something about 22%. The number of female entrepreneurs supported
by Enterprise Ireland where the number of High Potential Start Ups
supported increased from 7% annually up to 2011 to 22% in 2015.
This is a welcome achievement particularly when we compare it with the
global comparisons where only 8% of global technology entrepreneurs are
female but again, more to do and, importantly more being done.
To assist potential entrepreneurs in bringing their business ideas to life,
the State has established strong programmes directed specifically at women
entrepreneurs and take account of the reality of women’s lives. Enterprise
Ireland’s dedicated unit to promote female enterprise is one such
initiative.
One my priorities at the moment is finalising a new National Women’s
Strategy.
A strong business case for the benefits in respect of improved governance
and economic performance of increased diversity on company boards,
including gender diversity, has been made by influential organisations,
such as the European Commission and the IMF, and academics. This is
something that the Government has noted and is acting upon.
My aim for the National Women's Strategy is to promote the theme of female
leadership across a range of sectors. It will certainly contain actions to
promote women's leadership in the business sector. This is an issue which
emerged as a priority from the public consultations and work is being
undertaken to see what would be most effective. Ideally, I feel that an EU
wide approach should be taken.
Successive Governments have actively promoted the advancement of women into
leadership roles, with this having also been a strong theme in the previous
National Women’s Strategy. In early 2016, my Department concluded a two
year programme in partnership with Ibec, the National Women's Council of
Ireland and the EU to advance gender balance in decision-making in Ireland.
This had a strong focus on championing gender equality in business and
provided much of the impetus for action by companies which continues today.
I should also point out that targets for gender balance at board level are
not new in the Irish context. Such targets have been in place for some time
in the public sector, in regard to State Boards. The Government's action to
ensure greater transparency in appointment to State Boards through the use
of the PAS system is also improving the percentage of women on State
Boards, which has increased to 38.4%. I am raising this issue at Cabinet
tomorrow to highlight the continuing need for Ministers and nominating
bodies to be alert to the need for gender balance in such appointments.
I should digress here, briefly, and talk about dancing. No, not about Des
Cahill and Teresa Mannion. I never take unnecessary journeys!
Back in the days of black and white movies, dancing was as compelling as it
is for TV viewers today. Led by Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers. Stunning
dancers.
Key difference between them – a gender driven difference – is that Ginger
Rogers had to do everything Fred Astaire did, only backwards and in heels.
That’s the reality of life for women, still. And that, in turn, is why an
event like today’s – and the other events of this week – are so important.
Because we rarely get time to stop. Hit the pause button. Meet each other.
Learn from each other.
Today provides an opportunity to focus on the successes of women, whilst
also being real and talking about our experiences and the challenges that
have got us to this point.
The importance of a listening ear and a knowledgeable and supportive voice
cannot be underestimated. Networking is crucial if we are to continue
building on the strides women have taken in Ireland. I urge you to make it
your aim today to share your thoughts, advice and ideas, to broaden your
personal network, and to build the contacts that can support and grow your
career within the Central Bank – or indeed outside the Central Bank.
I want to make a point about networking.
It shouldn’t be a brisk exchange of business cards. That doesn’t work. May
make everybody feel connected, but it’s not real connectedness.
Real connectedness lies in involvement, engagement, energetic commitment.
Reaching out.
Once you have a powerful woman’s email address, that reach out can happen.
Transfer of a potentially useful piece of information can happen.
Indication of particular competence in solving the other person’s problem
can happen. And – most of all – when someone is going through public bad
times, it’s possible to be usefully supportive.
Networking is not just about knowing women. It’s about active engagement
with women. It’s about suppporting younger women and pushing them to
achieve all they can. It’s about fighting for older women to prevent them
being pushed aside. It’s about promoting the interests of your own
age-cohort with generosity and vision. Just do it. Every day, do it. Great
differences in life are made by individuals who take the time to care about
others and see potential in others. We sometimes talk about an old boy
network. Well, we need a new girl network and we need to work it like a
muscle.
I said at the beginning that every area of Irish – and international –
life, NEEDS better outcomes from equal opportunities.
Gains for women do not equate to lost opportunities for men, but to
increased economic prosperity for us all. Organisations like the 30% club
in the UK and Ireland, and Board Diversity Ireland, seek to advance women
into decision-making within their organisations, knowing that a better
balance at the top benefits everybody.
One last point.
Set backs. Disappointments. Kicks in the teeth.
They happen to each and every one of us, and they’re what separate the
success stories from the stories that don’t, in career terms, end happily
ever after.
Watching women from my days as a social work to my current role as Tanaiste
and Minister for Justice, I’ve had it hammered home to me, day after day,
year after year, that the women who ultimately make it to their chosen
place in politics or business or the public service are the women who
examine their own failures without grief.
That process is helped by friends, but it is essentially a solo task. A
task that at times seems too big to contemplate. You just have to do it,
knowing that other women have done it. And, when it leads you to greater
success, do something else. Shut up about it in public, but share in
private so that other women can say “If she could get over that obstacle, I
can meet my current challenge.”
Let me leave you with my definition of success for women.
Being a successful woman is not defined by reaching the top.
Being a successful woman is not defined by appearing in media.
Being a successful woman is not defined by titles or money or cars.
Being a successful woman is defined by doing what you want to do when you
want to do it. By living up to your potential. By helping other women live
up to theirs. It’s about being daunted by the impossible and doing it
anyway. Like Ginger Rogers. Doing everything Fred Astaire did, only
backward and in heels.
Thank you.